に高齢嚥下障害者の栄養と呼吸状態について掲載されている。調査では高齢者の30%が嚥下障害を呈しており、約半分は不顕性誤嚥である。また、45%は咽頭残留を認め嚥下障害患者の55%が栄養低下を示していると述べている。
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a major complaint among older people. Dysphagia may cause two types of complications in these patients: (a) a decrease in the efficacy of deglutition leading to malnutrition and dehydration, (b) a decrease in deglutition safety, leading to tracheobronchial aspiration which results in aspiration pneumonia and can lead to death. Clinical screening methods should be used to identify older people with oropharyngeal dysphagia and to identify those patients who are at risk of aspiration. Videofluoroscopy (VFS) is the gold standard to study the oral and pharyngeal mechanisms of dysphagia in older patients. Up to 30% of older patients with dysphagia present aspiration—half of them without cough, and 45%, oropharyngeal residue; and 55% older patients with dysphagia are at risk of malnutrition. Treatment with dietetic changes in bolus volume and viscosity, as well as rehabilitation procedures can improve deglutition and prevent nutritional and respiratory complications in older patients. Diagnosis and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia need a multidisciplinary approach.
Figure 1: Configuration of the oropharynx during swallow response. Each phase of the response (reconfiguration, duration and conclusion) is defined by opening (O) or closing (C) events occurring at the glossopalatal junction (GPJ), velopharyngeal junction (VPJ), laryngeal vestibule (LV), and upper esophageal sphincter (UES).
嚥下時の咽頭動作を示している。GPJ:舌口蓋接触点、VPJ:口蓋帆咽頭接触点、LV:喉頭前庭、UES:上部食道括約筋
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